UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 8-K
CURRENT REPORT
Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the
Securities Exchange Act of 1934
Date of Report (Date of earliest event reported): August 7, 2024
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation) | (Commission File Number) | (IRS Employer Identification Number) | ||||||
(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (412 ) 567-6602
Check the appropriate box below if the Form 8-K filing is intended to simultaneously satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant under any of the following provisions:
| Written communications pursuant to Rule 425 under the Securities Act (17 CFR 230.425) | ||||||||
| Soliciting material pursuant to Rule 14a-12 under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14a-12) | ||||||||
| Pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14d-2(b)) | ||||||||
| Pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.13e-4(c)) | ||||||||
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
| Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered | ||||||
The | ||||||||
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an emerging growth company as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act of 1933 (§230.405 of this chapter) or Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (§240.12b-2 of this chapter).
Emerging growth company ☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Item 2.02 Results of Operations and Financial Condition
On August 7, 2024, Duolingo, Inc. (the “Company”) issued a press release announcing the financial results of the Company for the six months ended June 30, 2024. A copy of the press release is being furnished as Exhibit 99.1 attached hereto and is incorporated by reference herein.
In accordance with General Instruction B.2 of Form 8-K, the information in this Item 2.02 of this Current Report on Form 8-K, including Exhibit 99.1 attached hereto, shall not be deemed “filed” for the purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), or otherwise subject to the liabilities of that section, nor shall it be deemed incorporated by reference in any filing under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Exchange Act, except as shall be expressly set forth by specific reference in such a filing.
Item 9.01 Financial Statements and Exhibits
(d) Exhibits.
| Exhibit No. | Description | |||||||
| 99.1 | ||||||||
| 99.2 | ||||||||
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned hereunto duly authorized.
| DUOLINGO, INC. | ||||||||
Date: August 7, 2024 | By: | /s/ Matthew Skaruppa | ||||||
Matthew Skaruppa | ||||||||
Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer) | ||||||||
Duolingo Hits 100M MAUs, Reports 59% DAU growth
and 41% Revenue Growth in Second Quarter 2024
Pittsburgh, PA – August 7, 2024 – Duolingo, Inc. (NASDAQ: DUOL), the world’s leading mobile learning platform, announced results for the second quarter ended June 30, 2024 in a shareholder letter that is posted at investors.duolingo.com.
"We achieved significant milestones in the second quarter, surpassing 100 million MAUs and reporting 8 million subscribers,” said Luis von Ahn, Co-Founder and CEO of Duolingo. “Our user growth accelerated, and we saw record levels of engagement. Over 20% of our DAUs now have streaks longer than a year.
We have also made steady progress on our strategic priorities — driving increased family plan penetration and the broader roll out of Duolingo Max. We expect these initiatives to show more impact in the coming quarters and support our long-term monetization strategy.”
Second Quarter 2024 Highlights
•Total bookings were $190.1 million, an increase of 38% from the prior year quarter;
•Subscription bookings were $156.5 million, an increase of 47% from the prior year quarter;
•Paid subscribers totaled 8.0 million at quarter end, an increase of 52% from the prior year quarter;
•Daily active users (DAUs) were 34.1 million, an increase of 59% from the prior year quarter and monthly active users (MAUs) were 103.6 million, an increase of 40% from the prior year quarter;
•Total revenues were $178.3 million, an increase of 41% from the prior year quarter;
•Net income was $24.4 million, compared to $3.7 million in the prior year quarter;
•Adjusted EBITDA was $48.1 million, compared to $20.9 million in the prior year quarter, a 27.0% versus 16.5% Adjusted EBITDA margin, respectively;
•Cash flow from operating activities was $62.4 million compared to $37.2 million in the prior year quarter, and free cash flow was $54.9 million compared to $34.3 million in the prior year quarter.
Financial and Key Operating Metrics
The following table summarizes our financial and operating highlights for the quarters ended June 30, 2024 and 2023:
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| Three Months Ended June 30, | |||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2024 | 2023 | % Change | ||||||||||||||
| Operating Metrics | |||||||||||||||||
| Monthly active users (MAUs) | 103.6 | 74.1 | 40 | % | |||||||||||||
| Daily active users (DAUs) | 34.1 | 21.4 | 59 | % | |||||||||||||
| Paid subscribers (at period end) | 8.0 | 5.2 | 52 | % | |||||||||||||
| Three Months Ended June 30, | |||||||||||||||||
| (In thousands) | 2024 | 2023 | % Change | ||||||||||||||
| Operating Metrics | |||||||||||||||||
| Subscription bookings | $ | 156,484 | $ | 106,254 | 47% | ||||||||||||
| Total bookings | $ | 190,092 | $ | 137,539 | 38% | ||||||||||||
| Financial Measures | |||||||||||||||||
| Total revenues (GAAP) | $ | 178,327 | $ | 126,839 | 41% | ||||||||||||
| Net income (GAAP) | $ | 24,351 | $ | 3,725 | >100% | ||||||||||||
| Adjusted EBITDA (Non-GAAP) | $ | 48,117 | $ | 20,871 | >100% | ||||||||||||
| Net cash provided by operating activities (GAAP) | $ | 62,388 | $ | 37,167 | 68% | ||||||||||||
| Free cash flow (Non-GAAP) | $ | 54,867 | $ | 34,340 | 60% | ||||||||||||
The following table provides revenues by product type:
| Three Months Ended June 30, | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| (in thousands) | 2024 | 2023 | Change | % Change | |||||||||||||||||||
| Subscription | $ | 143,909 | $ | 95,158 | $ | 48,751 | 51% | ||||||||||||||||
| Other | 34,418 | 31,681 | 2,737 | 9 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total revenues | $ | 178,327 | $ | 126,839 | $ | 51,488 | 41% | ||||||||||||||||
________________
(1) Other revenue is comprised mainly of Advertising, Duolingo English Test, and In-App Purchases.
Financial Outlook
Duolingo is providing the following guidance for the third quarter ending September 30, 2024 and updating its guidance for the full year ending December 31, 2024:
| Third Quarter 2024 | Full Year 2024 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| (in millions) | Low | High | Low | High | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total Bookings | $194.5 | $197.5 | $820.5 | $827.5 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Revenues | $186.7 | $189.7 | $731.3 | $738.3 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted EBITDA | $40.1 | $42.7 | $175.5 | $184.6 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted EBITDA Margin | 21.5 | % | 22.5 | % | 24 | % | 25 | % | |||||||||||||||
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With regards to the non-GAAP Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin outlook provided above, a reconciliation to GAAP net income, the most directly comparable financial measure presented in accordance with GAAP, has not been provided as the quantification of certain items included in the calculation of GAAP net income cannot be calculated or predicted at this time without unreasonable efforts. For example, the non-GAAP adjustment for stock-based compensation expenses related to equity awards requires additional inputs such as number of shares granted and market price that are not currently ascertainable, and the non-GAAP adjustment for certain legal, tax and regulatory reserves and expenses depends on the timing and magnitude of these expenses and cannot be accurately forecasted. For the same reasons, we are unable to address the probable significance of the unavailable information, which could have a potentially unpredictable, and potentially significant, impact on our future GAAP financial results.
Dilutive Securities
Duolingo has various dilutive securities. The table below details these securities (shares in millions; rounding differences may occur):
| (Amounts in millions, except share price) | Price as of June 30, 2024 | Weighted- average exercise price | Shares | ||||||||||||||
| Share price | $208.67 | ||||||||||||||||
Common stock outstanding as of June 30, 2024 | 43.5 | ||||||||||||||||
| Founder awards (1) | 1.6 | ||||||||||||||||
| Dilutive effect of stock options outstanding (2) | $ | 16.42 | 2.2 | ||||||||||||||
| RSUs outstanding | 2.0 | ||||||||||||||||
| Total estimated diluted shares outstanding | 49.4 | ||||||||||||||||
________________
(1)Includes 1.4 million underlying performance-based Restricted Stock Units ("RSUs") where performance criteria has not been satisfied.
(2)The Company has 2.4 million options outstanding as of June 30, 2024. The estimated dilutive effect is calculated as the number of shares expected to be issued upon vesting or exercise, adjusted for the strike price proceeds that are received by the Company and assumed to be used to repurchase shares of Duolingo common stock.
Video Webcast
Duolingo will host a video webcast to discuss its quarterly results today, August 7, 2024 at 5:30 p.m. ET. This live webcast and related materials will be publicly available and can be accessed at investors.duolingo.com. A replay will be available on the Investor Relations section of our website two hours following completion of the webcast and will remain available for a period of one year.
About Duolingo
Duolingo is the leading mobile learning platform globally. Its flagship app has organically become the world's most popular way to learn languages and the top-grossing app in the Education category on both Google Play and the Apple App Store. With technology at the core of everything it does, Duolingo has consistently invested to provide learners a fun, engaging, and effective learning experience while remaining committed to its mission to develop the best education in the world and make it universally available.
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Definitions
Monthly Active Users (MAUs). MAUs are defined as unique users who engage with our Duolingo App or the learning section of our website each month. MAUs are reported for a measurement period by taking the average of the MAUs for each calendar month in that measurement period. The measurement period for MAUs is the three months ended June 30, 2024 and the same period in the prior year where applicable, and the analysis of results is based on those periods. MAUs are a measure of the size of our global active user community on Duolingo.
Daily Active Users (DAUs). DAUs are defined as unique users who engage with our Duolingo App or the learning section of our website each calendar day. DAUs are reported for a measurement period by taking the average of the DAUs for each day in that measurement period. The measurement period for DAUs is the three months ended June 30, 2024 and the same period in the prior year where applicable, and the analysis of results is based on those periods. DAUs are a measure of the consistent engagement of our global user community on Duolingo.
Paid Subscribers. Paid subscribers are defined as users who pay for access to any Duolingo subscription offering and had an active subscription as of the end of the measurement period. Each unique user account is treated as a single paid subscriber regardless of whether such user purchases multiple subscriptions, and the count of paid subscribers does not include users who are currently on a free trial or who are non-paying members of a family plan.
Subscription Bookings and Total Bookings. Subscription bookings represent the amounts we receive from a purchase of any Duolingo subscription offering. Total bookings include subscription bookings, income from advertising networks for advertisements served to our users, purchases of the Duolingo English Test, and in-app purchases of virtual goods. We believe bookings provide an indication of trends in our operating results, including cash flows, that are not necessarily reflected in our revenues because we recognize subscription revenues ratably over the lifetime of a subscription, which is generally from one to twelve months.
Forward-Looking Statements
This press release contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. We intend such forward-looking statements to be covered by the safe harbor provisions for forward-looking statements contained in Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”) and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). All statements other than statements of historical facts contained in this press release, including without limitation, statements regarding our business model and strategic priorities, including the expected impact of our product initiatives on our long-term monetization strategy and the scaling of our user base, and our financial outlook are forward-looking statements. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, you can identify forward-looking statements because they contain words such as “may,” “will,” “shall,” “should,” “expects,” “plans,” “anticipates,” “could,” “intends,” “target,” “projects,” “contemplates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “predicts,” “potential,” “goal,” “objective,” “seeks,” or “continue” or the negative of these words or other similar terms or expressions that concern our expectations, strategy, plans, or intentions. Such forward-looking statements are neither promises nor guarantees, but involve a number of known and unknown risks, uncertainties and assumptions that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to differ materially from those expressed or implied in the forward-looking statements due to various factors, including, but not limited to: our ability to retain and grow our users and sustain their engagement with our products; competition in the online language learning industry; our limited operating history; our ability to maintain profitability; our ability to manage our growth and operate
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at such scale; the success of our investments; our reliance on third-party platforms to store and distribute our products and collect revenue; our reliance on third-party hosting and cloud computing providers; our ability to compete for advertisements; acceptance by educational organizations of technology-based education; changes in our business and macroeconomic conditions; our ability to access, collect, and use personal data about our users and payers, and to comply with applicable data privacy laws; regulatory and legislative developments on the use of artificial intelligence and machine learning; potential intellectual property-related litigation and proceedings; our ability adequately obtain, protect and maintain our intellectual property rights; and the other important factors more fully detailed under the caption "Risk Factors" in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, as any such factors may be updated from time to time, including without limitation in our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended June 30, 2024 and in our other filings with the SEC, accessible on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov and the Investor Relations section of the Company’s website at investors.duolingo.com. All forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this press release. While we may elect to update such forward-looking statements at some point in the future, we disclaim any obligation to do so, even if subsequent events cause our views to change.
Limitation of Key Operating Metrics and Other Data
We manage our business by tracking several operating metrics, including MAUs, DAUs, paid subscribers, and subscription and total bookings. While these metrics are based on what we believe to be reasonable estimates of our user base for the applicable period of measurement, there are inherent challenges in measuring how our platform is used. These metrics are determined by using internal data gathered on an analytics platform that we developed and operate and have not been validated by an independent third party. This platform tracks user account and session activity. If we fail to maintain an effective analytics platform, our metrics calculations may be inaccurate. We believe that these metrics are reasonable estimates of our user base for the applicable period of measurement, and that the methodologies we employ and update from time-to-time to create these metrics are reasonable bases to identify trends in user behavior. Because we update the methodologies we employ to create metrics, our operating metrics may not be comparable to those in prior periods. Other companies, including companies in our industry, may calculate these metrics differently.
Non-GAAP Financial Measures
We use certain non-GAAP financial measures to supplement our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, which are presented in accordance with GAAP. These non-GAAP financial measures include Adjusted EBITDA; Adjusted EBITDA margin; Free cash flow, and Free cash flow margin. Please refer to the definitions and reconciliation at the end of this press release. We use these non-GAAP financial measures for financial and operational decision-making and as a means to evaluate period-to-period comparisons. By excluding certain items that may not be indicative of our recurring core operating results, we believe that these non-GAAP financial measures provide meaningful supplemental information regarding our performance. Accordingly, we believe these non-GAAP financial measures are useful to investors and others because they allow for additional information with respect to financial measures used by management in its financial and operational decision-making and they may be used by our institutional investors and the analyst community to help them analyze the health of our business. However, there are a number of limitations related to the use of non-GAAP financial measures, and these non-GAAP financial measures should be considered in addition to, not as a substitute for or in isolation from, our financial results prepared in accordance with GAAP. Other companies, including companies in our industry, may calculate these non-GAAP financial measures differently or not at all, which reduces their usefulness as comparative measures.
Website Information
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We routinely post important information for investors on the Investor Relations section of our website, investors.duolingo.com, and also from time to time may use social media channels, including our X (formerly Twitter) account (x.com/duolingo) and our LinkedIn account (linkedin.com/company/duolingo/), as an additional means of disclosing public information to investors, the media and others interested in us. It is possible that certain information we post on our website and on social media could be deemed to be material information, and we encourage investors, the media and others interested in us to review the business and financial information we post on our website and on the social media channels identified above, in addition to following our press releases, SEC filings, public conference calls, presentations and webcasts. The information contained on, or that may be accessed through, our website and our social media channels is not incorporated by reference into, and is not a part of, this document.
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DUOLINGO, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(Amounts in thousands)
| June 30, 2024 | December 31, 2023 | ||||||||||
| ASSETS | |||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 888,240 | $ | 747,610 | |||||||
| Accounts receivable | 77,722 | 88,975 | |||||||||
| Deferred cost of revenues | 63,285 | 53,931 | |||||||||
| Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 12,317 | 7,282 | |||||||||
| Noncurrent assets | 97,879 | 56,159 | |||||||||
| Total assets | $ | 1,139,443 | $ | 953,957 | |||||||
| LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY | |||||||||||
| Deferred revenues | $ | 291,477 | $ | 249,192 | |||||||
| Accounts payable | 3,405 | 2,447 | |||||||||
| Other current liabilities | 22,842 | 25,723 | |||||||||
| Long-term obligation under operating leases | 54,775 | 21,094 | |||||||||
| Total liabilities | 372,499 | 298,456 | |||||||||
| Total stockholders’ equity | 766,944 | 655,501 | |||||||||
| Total liabilities and stockholders' equity | $ | 1,139,443 | $ | 953,957 | |||||||
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DUOLINGO, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(Amounts in thousands, except per share amounts)
| Three Months Ended June 30, | |||||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | ||||||||||
| Revenues | $ | 178,327 | $ | 126,839 | |||||||
| Cost of revenues | 47,349 | 33,788 | |||||||||
| Gross profit | 130,978 | 93,051 | |||||||||
| Operating expenses: | |||||||||||
| Research and development | 55,147 | 47,947 | |||||||||
| Sales and marketing | 20,174 | 17,734 | |||||||||
| General and administrative | 36,957 | 32,235 | |||||||||
| Total operating expenses | 112,278 | 97,916 | |||||||||
| Income (loss) from operations | 18,700 | (4,865) | |||||||||
| Other expense, net of other income | (707) | (268) | |||||||||
| Income (loss) before interest income and income taxes | 17,993 | (5,133) | |||||||||
| Interest income | 10,721 | 7,543 | |||||||||
| Income before income taxes | 28,714 | 2,410 | |||||||||
| Provision (benefit) for income taxes | 4,363 | (1,315) | |||||||||
| Net income and comprehensive income | $ | 24,351 | $ | 3,725 | |||||||
| Net income per share attributable to Class A and Class B common stockholders, basic | $ | 0.56 | $ | 0.09 | |||||||
| Net income per share attributable to Class A and Class B common stockholders, diluted | $ | 0.51 | $ | 0.08 | |||||||
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DUOLINGO, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(Amounts in thousands)
| Six Months Ended June 30, | |||||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | ||||||||||
| Cash flows from operating activities: | |||||||||||
| Net income | $ | 51,307 | $ | 1,143 | |||||||
| Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: | |||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | 4,317 | 3,396 | |||||||||
| Stock-based compensation expense | 51,731 | 44,787 | |||||||||
| Gain on sale of capitalized software | — | (100) | |||||||||
| Changes in assets and liabilities: | 38,547 | 17,545 | |||||||||
| Net cash provided by operating activities | 145,902 | 66,771 | |||||||||
| Net cash used for investing activities | (13,677) | (4,683) | |||||||||
| Net cash provided by financing activities | 8,405 | 8,397 | |||||||||
| Net increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | 140,630 | 70,485 | |||||||||
| Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash - Beginning of period | 750,345 | 608,180 | |||||||||
| Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash - End of period | $ | 890,975 | $ | 678,665 | |||||||
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DUOLINGO, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
ADJUSTED EBITDA RECONCILIATION
(Amounts in thousands)
Adjusted EBITDA. Adjusted EBITDA is defined as net income excluding interest income, income taxes, depreciation and amortization, stock-based compensation expenses related to equity awards, transaction costs related to acquisitions, and acquisition earn-out costs. Adjusted EBITDA margin is defined as Adjusted EBITDA as a percentage of revenues. These non-GAAP financial measures are used by management to evaluate the financial performance of our business and we present these non-GAAP financial measures because we believe that they are helpful in highlighting trends in our operating results and that they are frequently used by analysts, investors and other interested parties to evaluate companies in our industry. The following table presents a reconciliation of our net income, the most directly comparable financial measure presented in accordance with GAAP, to Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin.
| Three Months Ended June 30, | |||||||||||
(In thousands) | 2024 | 2023 | |||||||||
| Net income | $ | 24,351 | $ | 3,725 | |||||||
| Add (deduct): | |||||||||||
| Interest income | (10,721) | (7,543) | |||||||||
| Provision (benefit) for income taxes | 4,363 | (1,315) | |||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | 2,243 | 1,634 | |||||||||
| Stock-based compensation expenses related to equity awards (1) | 27,544 | 24,258 | |||||||||
| Acquisition transaction costs (2) | 337 | — | |||||||||
| Acquisition earn-out costs (3) | — | 112 | |||||||||
| Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 48,117 | $ | 20,871 | |||||||
| Revenues | $ | 178,327 | $ | 126,839 | |||||||
| Adjusted EBITDA Margin | 27.0 | % | 16.5 | % | |||||||
________________
(1)In addition to stock-based compensation expense of $26.7 million and $23.7 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, this includes costs incurred related to taxes paid on equity transactions.
(2)Represents costs incurred related to acquisitions, including integration costs.
(3)Represents costs incurred related to the earn-out payment on an acquisition.
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DUOLINGO, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
FREE CASH FLOW RECONCILIATION
(Amounts in thousands)
Free Cash Flow. Free cash flow represents net cash provided by operating activities, reduced by capitalized software development costs and purchases of property and equipment and increased by taxes paid related to stock-based compensation equity awards and transaction costs related to acquisitions as we believe they are not indicative of future liquidity. Free cash flow margin is defined as Free cash flow as a percentage of revenues. We believe that free cash flow is a measure of liquidity that provides useful information to our management, investors and others in understanding and evaluating the strength of our liquidity and future ability to generate cash that can be used for strategic opportunities or investing in our business. Free cash flow has certain limitations in that it does not represent our residual cash flow for discretionary expenditures and our non-discretionary commitments. The following table presents a reconciliation of net cash provided by operating activities, the most directly comparable financial measure calculated in accordance with GAAP, to free cash flow.
| Three Months Ended June 30, | |||||||||||
(In thousands) | 2024 | 2023 | |||||||||
| Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 62,388 | $ | 37,167 | |||||||
| Less: Capitalized software development costs and purchases of intangible assets | (3,093) | (2,544) | |||||||||
| Less: Purchases of property and equipment | (5,563) | (827) | |||||||||
| Plus: Taxes paid related to stock-based compensation equity awards | 798 | 544 | |||||||||
| Plus: Acquisition transaction costs (1) | 337 | — | |||||||||
| Free cash flow | $ | 54,867 | $ | 34,340 | |||||||
| Revenues | $ | 178,327 | $ | 126,839 | |||||||
| Free cash flow margin | 30.8 | % | 27.1 | % | |||||||
________________
(1)Represents costs incurred related to acquisitions, including integration costs.
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Contacts
Investor Relations:
Deborah Belevan, VP of Investor Relations
IR@duolingo.com
Press:
Sam Dalsimer, Global Head of Communications
press@duolingo.com
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shareholder
letter
Q2 2024
 | ||
our mission is
to develop the
best education
in the world
and make it universally available.
 | |||||
DUOLINGO Q2 / FY 2024 2
Q2 Highlights
| User Metrics | Q2 2023 | Q2 2024 | |||||||||
| Daily Active Users | 21.4M | 34.1M | |||||||||
59% YoY | |||||||||||
| Monthly Active Users | 74.1M | 103.6M | |||||||||
40% YoY | |||||||||||
| Paid Subscribers | 5.2M | 8.0M | |||||||||
| at period end | 52% YoY | ||||||||||
| Paid Subscriber Penetration | 7.9% | 8.6% | |||||||||
| as % of MAU* | |||||||||||
| Financial Metrics | Q2 2023 | Q2 2024 | |||||||||
| Revenue | $126.8M | $178.3M | |||||||||
41% YoY | |||||||||||
| Total Bookings | $137.5M | $190.1M | |||||||||
38% YoY | |||||||||||
| Net Income | $3.7M | $24.4M | |||||||||
| Adjusted EBITDA | $20.9M | $48.1M | |||||||||
16.5% margin | 27.0% margin | ||||||||||
| *LTM MAU | |||||||||||
DUOLINGO Q2 / FY 2024 3
Dear shareholders,
Our Q2 results reflect another outstanding quarter, with strong user, bookings and profitability growth. We also made progress on important initiatives like Duolingo Max.
Second quarter highlights
•Total bookings were $190.1 million, an increase of 38% from the prior year quarter;
•Subscription bookings were $156.5 million, an increase of 47% from the prior year quarter;
•Paid subscribers totaled 8.0 million at quarter end, an increase of 52% from the prior year quarter;
•Daily active users (DAUs) were 34.1 million, an increase of 59% from the prior year quarter, and monthly active users (MAUs) were 103.6 million, an increase of 40% from the prior year quarter;
•Total revenues were $178.3 million, an increase of 41% from the prior year quarter;
•Net income was $24.4 million, compared to $3.7 million in the prior year quarter;
•Adjusted EBITDA was $48.1 million, compared to $20.9 million in the prior year quarter, a 27.0% versus 16.5% Adjusted EBITDA margin, respectively; and
•Cash flow from operating activities was $62.4 million, compared to $37.2 million in the prior year quarter, and free cash flow was $54.9 million, compared to $34.3 million in the prior year quarter.
User growth
We believe that coupling an app that is fun and effective with our unique marketing approach is driving growth in both mature and underpenetrated markets. As we’ve discussed in past shareholder letters, our award-winning marketing efforts are primarily social-first, with culturally relevant and humorous content to foster affinity with our brand. So far this year, our organic social media impressions are 190% higher than in the same period last year. Our April Fool’s campaign, Duolingo on Ice, garnered nearly 100 million impressions, over four times that of our Love Language campaign in 2023.
International growth playbook: Spotlight on Japan
By leveraging our proven social-first marketing approach from established markets, we've developed an effective international playbook that we can apply to high-opportunity geographies.
Japan exemplifies our playbook in action. We started by investing a modest amount in marketing to ignite growth. Afterwards, we hired a country marketing manager to spearhead the creation of culturally relevant content focused on entertainment, leveraging influencers and brand partnerships.
The results to date have been impressive. In Q2, Japan had 93% DAU and 58% bookings growth compared to the prior year quarter.
We believe there are many untapped markets where we can apply this playbook. To that end, we’ve recently added country marketing managers in France and Korea, which we believe also have attractive potential.
DUOLINGO Q2 / FY 2024 4
Introducing the Friend Streak
We continue to invest in social interactions among our learners, which have been a driver of user engagement and retention. Features like Friends Quests and Leaderboards not only encourage learners to come back more often, but also transform learning into a shared journey. Over half of our DAUs now follow at least one friend.
We've also talked about the streak being a powerful mechanic that helps users stick to their daily habit. Today, one out of every five of our DAUs has a streak longer than 365 days.
I'm excited to share that we've brought both of these ideas together in our newest feature called the Friend Streak. Now, you can invite up to five of your friends to each share a streak with you. If your friend hasn't done their lesson, you can send a nudge reminding them to extend their streak. Early results have been excellent, since users are not only accountable to themselves, but also to their friends.
   | ||
DUOLINGO Q2 / FY 2024 5
Monetization: Enhanced experience
We continue to enhance our subscription offerings in order to increase revenue. Duolingo Max gives users a more immersive experience, while the family plan offers a fun way to learn together at a compelling value.
•Duolingo Max: This premium tier, which includes GenAI-enabled features, is now available in 5 courses and 27 countries, which together comprise about 15% of our DAUs. We’re also experimenting with an innovative, new premium feature that allows learners to practice real-time, spoken conversation with Duolingo characters. You can expect us to continue iterating on Max and expanding its availability to additional geographies, with most users having access to it by year end. We plan to share more details about Max at Duocon in September.
•Family Plan: Currently, our family plan accounts for approximately 20% of subscribers and has higher retention than individual plans. We’re focused on increasing adoption by increasing the visibility of the family plan among free learners, driving upgrades from current individual subscribers, and increasing engagement among existing family members.
Closing
In July, we announced the acquisition of Hobbes, a Detroit-based motion design and animation studio. This investment underscores our commitment to design and animation, which are key drivers of user engagement and monetization, and cornerstones of the Duolingo brand.
I invite you to tune into Duocon on September 24 to hear more about our biggest product announcements of the year.
Until next time, start a Friend Streak and don’t let your friends down!
 | ||
| Luis von Ahn | ||
| CEO and Co-Founder | ||
DUOLINGO Q2 / FY 2024 6
financial performance and outlook
| Summary of Financial and Key Operating Metrics | |||||||||||
| (in millions) | Q2 2023 | Q2 2024 | YoY | ||||||||
| User Metrics | |||||||||||
| Monthly active users (MAUs) | 74.1 | 103.6 | 40 | % | |||||||
| Daily active users (DAUs) | 21.4 | 34.1 | 59 | % | |||||||
| Paid subscribers (period end) | 5.2 | 8.0 | 52 | % | |||||||
| Operating Metrics | |||||||||||
| Subscription bookings | $106.3 | $156.5 | 47% | ||||||||
| Total bookings | $137.5 | $190.1 | 38% | ||||||||
| GAAP Financial Measures | |||||||||||
| Revenues | $126.8 | $178.3 | 41% | ||||||||
| Gross profit | $93.1 | $131.0 | 41% | ||||||||
| Gross margin (%) | 73.4 | % | 73.4 | % | ~10 bps | ||||||
| Net income | $3.7 | $24.4 | >100% | ||||||||
| Net cash from operating activities | $37.2 | $62.4 | 68% | ||||||||
| Non-GAAP Financial Measures (1) | |||||||||||
| Adjusted EBITDA | $20.9 | $48.1 | >100% | ||||||||
| Adjusted EBITDA margin | 16.5 | % | 27.0 | % | ~10.5 pts | ||||||
| Free cash flow | $34.3 | $54.9 | 60% | ||||||||
| Free cash flow margin | 27.1 | % | 30.8 | % | ~4 pts | ||||||
(1) Please refer to the Appendix at the end of this letter for a reconciliation of non-GAAP financial measures to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure.
Amounts reported in millions are computed based on the amounts in thousands. As a result, the sum of the components reported in millions may not equal the total amount reported in millions due to rounding. In addition, percentages presented are calculated from the underlying numbers in thousands and may not add to their respective totals due to rounding.
DUOLINGO Q2 / FY 2024 8
| Bookings ($M) | Revenue ($M) | ||||||||||
| +38% | +41% | ||||||||||||||||
 | Subscription |  | Non-Subscription | ||||||||
In Q2, total bookings were $190.1 million, growing 38% year over year on a reported basis (and 41% on a constant currency basis), driven primarily by a 47% increase in subscription bookings on a reported basis (and 50% on a constant currency basis). Revenues totaled $178.3 million in Q2, representing a 41% increase on a reported basis (and 42% on a constant currency basis), driven primarily by growth in subscription revenue, which grew 51% year over year on a reported basis (and 52% on a constant currency basis), and comprised 81% of revenues.
The increase in both subscription bookings and subscription revenue was primarily attributable to an increase in the average number of paid subscribers year over year.
The table below provides revenues by product type:
| (in millions) | Q2 2023 | Q2 2024 | Change | % Change | ||||||||||
| Subscription | $95.2 | $143.9 | $48.8 | 51 | % | |||||||||
| Other (1) | $31.7 | $34.4 | $2.7 | 9 | % | |||||||||
| Total revenues | $126.8 | $178.3 | $51.5 | 41 | % | |||||||||
________________
(1) Other revenue is comprised mainly of Advertising, Duolingo English Test, and In-App Purchases.
Total gross margin was 73.4% during both the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023. Q2 2024 was the same as the year ago period due to a higher subscription gross margin contribution from an increase in subscriber revenue as a percentage of total revenue, partially offset by a decline in Advertising margins, which was due to a decrease in average revenue per DAU.
DUOLINGO Q2 / FY 2024 9
| GAAP Operating Expenses (% of Revenue) | Non-GAAP Operating Expenses (% of Revenue) | ||||||||||
| R&D |  | S&M |  | G&A | ||||||||||||
We report three categories of operating expenses: Research and development (R&D), Sales and marketing (S&M), and General and administrative (G&A). Non-GAAP operating expenses† represent GAAP expenses adjusted for depreciation, amortization, stock-based compensation expenses related to equity awards, and other expenses. The most significant adjustment in Q2 2024 was for stock-based compensation (SBC) expenses related to equity awards of $28 million. Approximately one fifth of our SBC expense in Q2 was related to our pre-IPO founder equity awards, which are intended to serve as our founders’ sole equity award opportunity through 2031.
In Q2, we achieved leverage across total operating expenses and for each category of operating expense, both on a GAAP and non-GAAP basis, because we continued to scale our revenue faster than our operating expenses. GAAP R&D expense decreased from 38% to 31% of revenue year over year. On a non-GAAP basis, R&D expense decreased year over year from 29% to 23%. GAAP S&M expense decreased from 14% to 11% of revenue year over year. On a non-GAAP basis, S&M expense decreased year over year from 13% to 11%. GAAP G&A expense decreased from 25% to 21% of revenue year over year. On a non-GAAP basis, G&A expense decreased year over year from 15% to 14%.
†Please refer to the Appendix at the end of this letter for a reconciliation of non-GAAP financial measures to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure.
DUOLINGO Q2 / FY 2024 10
| Adjusted EBITDA ($M) | Free Cash Flow ($M) | ||||||||||
| 16.5% | 27.0% | Margin | 27.1% | 30.8% | ||||||||||||||||||||||
In Q2, we achieved our highest quarterly Adjusted EBITDA†, which increased by $27.2 million year over year to $48.1 million, a 27.0% Adjusted EBITDA margin†. The increase in margin was driven by growth in revenue and improved leverage across all categories of operating expenses.
During Q2, we generated free cash flow (FCF)† of $54.9 million, a 30.8% FCF margin†, driven primarily by an increase in cash from operations. Cash from operations increased mainly due to generation of higher net income during the current period.
†Please refer to the Appendix at the end of this letter for a reconciliation of non-GAAP financial measures to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure.
DUOLINGO Q2 / FY 2024 11
Q3 and FY 2024 Guidance
Duolingo is providing the following guidance for the third quarter ending September 30, 2024 and the full year ending December 31, 2024.
| (in millions) | Q3 2024 | FY 2024 | ||||||
| Bookings | $194.5 - $197.5 | $820.5 - $827.5 | ||||||
| YoY Bookings Growth | 26.6% - 28.6% | 31.9% - 33.0% | ||||||
| Revenues | $186.7 - $189.7 | $731.3 - $738.3 | ||||||
| YoY Revenue Growth | 35.6% - 37.8% | 37.7% - 39.0% | ||||||
| Adjusted EBITDA | $40.1 - $42.7 | $175.5 - $184.6 | ||||||
| Adjusted EBITDA margin | 21.5% - 22.5% | 24% - 25% | ||||||
With regards to the non-GAAP Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin outlook provided above, a reconciliation to GAAP net income, the most directly comparable financial measure presented in accordance with GAAP, has not been provided as the quantification of certain items included in the calculation of GAAP net income cannot be calculated or predicted at this time without unreasonable efforts. For example, the non-GAAP adjustment for stock-based compensation expenses related to equity awards requires additional inputs such as number of shares granted and market price that are not currently ascertainable, and the non-GAAP adjustment for certain legal, tax and regulatory reserves and expenses depends on the timing and magnitude of these expenses and cannot be accurately forecasted. For the same reasons, we are unable to address the probable significance of the unavailable information, which could have a potentially unpredictable, and potentially significant, impact on our future GAAP financial results.
Video Webcast
Duolingo will host a video webcast to discuss its second quarter and full year results today, August 7, 2024, at 5:30 p.m. ET. This live webcast and related materials will be publicly available and can be accessed at investors.duolingo.com. A replay will be available on the Investor Relations website two hours following completion of the webcast and will remain available for a period of one year.
About Duolingo
Duolingo is the leading mobile learning platform globally. Its flagship app has organically become the world's most popular way to learn languages and the top-grossing app in the Education category on both Google Play and the Apple App Store. With technology at the core of everything it does, Duolingo has consistently invested to provide learners a fun, engaging, and effective learning experience while remaining committed to its mission to develop the best education in the world and make it universally available.
DUOLINGO Q2 / FY 2024 12
Definitions
Monthly Active Users (MAUs). MAUs are defined as unique users who engage with our Duolingo App or the learning section of our website each month. MAUs are reported for a measurement period by taking the average of the MAUs for each calendar month in that measurement period. The measurement period for MAUs is the three months ended June 30, 2024 and the same period in the prior year where applicable, and the analysis of results is based on those periods. MAUs are a measure of the size of our global active user community on Duolingo.
Daily Active Users (DAUs). DAUs are defined as unique users who engage with our Duolingo App or the learning section of our website each calendar day. DAUs are reported for a measurement period by taking the average of the DAUs for each day in that measurement period. The measurement period for DAUs is the three months ended June 30, 2024 and the same period in the prior year where applicable, and the analysis of results is based on those periods. DAUs are a measure of the consistent engagement of our global user community on Duolingo.
Paid Subscribers. Paid subscribers are defined as users who pay for access to any Duolingo subscription offering and had an active subscription as of the end of the measurement period. Each unique user account is treated as a single paid subscriber regardless of whether such user purchases multiple subscriptions, and the count of paid subscribers does not include users who are currently on a free trial or who are non-paying members of a family plan.
Subscription Bookings and Total Bookings. Subscription bookings represent the amounts we receive from a purchase of any Duolingo subscription offering. Total bookings include subscription bookings, income from advertising networks for advertisements served to our users, purchases of the Duolingo English Test, and in-app purchases of virtual goods. We believe bookings provide an indication of trends in our operating results, including cash flows, that are not necessarily reflected in our revenues because we recognize subscription revenues ratably over the lifetime of a subscription, which is generally from one to twelve months.
Limitation of Key Operating Metrics and Other Data
We manage our business by tracking several operating metrics, including MAUs, DAUs, paid subscribers, and subscription and total bookings. While these metrics are based on what we believe to be reasonable estimates of our user base for the applicable period of measurement, there are inherent challenges in measuring how our platform is used. These metrics are determined by using internal data gathered on an analytics platform that we developed and operate and have not been validated by an independent third party. This platform tracks user account and session activity. If we fail to maintain an effective analytics platform, our metrics calculations may be inaccurate. We believe that these metrics are reasonable estimates of our user base for the applicable period of measurement, and that the methodologies we employ and update from time-to-time to create these metrics are reasonable bases to identify trends in user behavior. Because we update the methodologies we employ to create metrics, our operating metrics may not be comparable to those in prior periods. Other companies, including companies in our industry, may calculate these metrics differently.
DUOLINGO Q2 / FY 2024 13
Non-GAAP Financial Measures
We use certain non-GAAP financial measures to supplement our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, which are presented in accordance with GAAP. Non-GAAP financial measures include Adjusted EBITDA; Adjusted EBITDA margin; non-GAAP R&D expense, non-GAAP S&M expense and non-GAAP G&A expense (collectively, the “non-GAAP operating expenses”); Free cash flow, and Free cash flow margin. Please refer to the definitions and reconciliation at the end of this letter. We use these non-GAAP financial measures for financial and operational decision-making and as a means to evaluate period-to-period comparisons. By excluding certain items that may not be indicative of our recurring core operating results, we believe that these non-GAAP financial measures provide meaningful supplemental information regarding our performance. Accordingly, we believe these non-GAAP financial measures are useful to investors and others because they allow for additional information with respect to financial measures used by management in its financial and operational decision-making and they may be used by our institutional investors and the analyst community to help them analyze the health of our business. However, there are a number of limitations related to the use of non-GAAP financial measures, and these non-GAAP financial measures should be considered in addition to, not as a substitute for or in isolation from, our financial results prepared in accordance with GAAP. Other companies, including companies in our industry, may calculate these non-GAAP financial measures differently or not at all, which reduces their usefulness as comparative measures.
The effect of currency exchange rates on our business is an important factor in understanding period to period comparisons. We use non-GAAP percentage change in constant currency revenues, which exclude the impact of fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, for financial and operational decision-making and as a means to evaluate period-to-period comparisons. We believe this information is useful to investors to facilitate comparisons and better identify trends in our business. The impact of changes in foreign currency may vary significantly from period to period, and such changes generally are outside of the control of our management. We calculate constant currency revenues by using current period foreign currency revenues and translating them to constant currency using prior year comparable period exchange rates for the entire period of related bookings. Constant currency revenue percentage change is calculated by dividing the difference between constant currency revenue and the prior year comparable period revenue by the prior year comparable period revenue.
DUOLINGO Q2 / FY 2024 14
Forward-Looking Statements
This Shareholder Letter contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. We intend such forward-looking statements to be covered by the safe harbor provisions for forward-looking statements contained in Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”) and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). All statements other than statements of historical facts contained in this letter, including without limitation, statements regarding our business model and strategic priorities for growth and monetization, including the expected benefits and efficacy of, new products, the effectiveness of our marketing efforts, our international market opportunity, and our financial outlook are forward-looking statements. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, you can identify forward-looking statements because they contain words such as “may,” “will,” “shall,” “should,” “expects,” “plans,” “anticipates,” “could,” “intends,” “target,” “projects,” “contemplates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “predicts,” “potential,” “goal,” “objective,” “seeks,” or “continue” or the negative of these words or other similar terms or expressions that concern our expectations, strategy, plans, or intentions. Such forward-looking statements are neither promises nor guarantees, but involve a number of known and unknown risks, uncertainties and assumptions that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to differ materially from those expressed or implied in the forward-looking statements due to various factors, including, but not limited to: our ability to retain and grow our users and sustain their engagement with our products; competition in the online language learning industry; our limited operating history; our ability to maintain profitability; our ability to manage our growth and operate at such scale; the success of our investments; our reliance on third-party platforms to store and distribute our products and collect revenue; our reliance on third-party hosting and cloud computing providers; our ability to compete for advertisements; acceptance by educational organizations of technology-based education; our ability to access, collect, and use personal data about our users and payers, and to comply with applicable data privacy laws; regulatory and legislative developments on the use of artificial intelligence and machine learning; potential intellectual property-related litigation and proceedings; our ability adequately obtain, protect and maintain our intellectual property rights; and the other important factors more fully detailed under the caption "Risk Factors" in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, as any such factors may be updated from time to time, including without limitation in our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended June 30, 2024 and in our other filings with the SEC, accessible on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov and the Investor Relations section of the Company’s website at investors.duolingo.com. All forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this letter. While we may elect to update such forward-looking statements at some point in the future, we disclaim any obligation to do so, even if subsequent events cause our views to change.
Website Information
We routinely post important information for investors on the Investor Relations section of our website, investors.duolingo.com, and also from time to time may use social media channels, including our X (formerly Twitter) account x.com/duolingo and our LinkedIn account linkedin.com/company/duolingo, as an additional means of disclosing public information to investors, the media, and others interested in us. It is possible that certain information we post on our website and on social media could be deemed to be material information, and we encourage investors, the media, and others interested in us to review the business and financial information we post on our website and on the social media channels identified above, in addition to following our press releases, SEC filings, public conference calls, presentations, and webcasts. The information contained on, or that may be accessed through, our website and our social media channels is not incorporated by reference into, and is not a part of, this document.
DUOLINGO Q2 / FY 2024 15
| DUOLINGO, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS | |||||||||||
| (in thousands) | December 31, 2023 | June 30, 2024 | |||||||||
| ASSETS | |||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | $747,610 | $888,240 | |||||||||
| Accounts receivable | 88,975 | 77,722 | |||||||||
| Deferred cost of revenues | 53,931 | 63,285 | |||||||||
| Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 7,282 | 12,317 | |||||||||
| Noncurrent assets | 56,159 | 97,879 | |||||||||
| Total assets | $953,957 | $1,139,443 | |||||||||
| LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY | |||||||||||
| Deferred revenues | 249,192 | 291,477 | |||||||||
| Accounts payable | 2,447 | 3,405 | |||||||||
| Other current liabilities | 25,723 | 22,842 | |||||||||
| Long-term obligation under operating leases | 21,094 | 54,775 | |||||||||
| Total liabilities | 298,456 | 372,499 | |||||||||
| Total stockholders’ equity | 655,501 | 766,944 | |||||||||
| Total liabilities and stockholders' equity | $953,957 | $1,139,443 | |||||||||
| DUOLINGO, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME | |||||||||||
| Three Months Ended June 30, | |||||||||||
(in thousands) | 2023 | 2024 | |||||||||
| Revenues | $126,839 | $178,327 | |||||||||
| Cost of revenues | 33,788 | 47,349 | |||||||||
| Gross profit | 93,051 | 130,978 | |||||||||
| Operating expenses: | |||||||||||
| Research and development | 47,947 | 55,147 | |||||||||
| Sales and marketing | 17,734 | 20,174 | |||||||||
| General and administrative | 32,235 | 36,957 | |||||||||
| Total operating expenses | 97,916 | 112,278 | |||||||||
| (Loss) income from operations | (4,865) | 18,700 | |||||||||
| Other expense, net of other income | (268) | (707) | |||||||||
| (Loss) income before interest income and income taxes | (5,133) | 17,993 | |||||||||
| Interest income | 7,543 | 10,721 | |||||||||
| Income before income taxes | 2,410 | 28,714 | |||||||||
| (Benefit) provision for income taxes | (1,315) | 4,363 | |||||||||
| Net income and comprehensive income | $3,725 | $24,351 | |||||||||
DUOLINGO Q2 / FY 2024 16
| DUOLINGO, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES | |||||||||||
| UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS | |||||||||||
| Six Months Ended June 30, | |||||||||||
| (in thousands) | 2023 | 2024 | |||||||||
| Cash flows from operating activities: | |||||||||||
| Net income | $1,143 | $51,307 | |||||||||
| Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: | |||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | 3,396 | 4,317 | |||||||||
| Stock-based compensation expense | 44,787 | 51,731 | |||||||||
| Gain on sale of capitalized software | (100) | — | |||||||||
| Changes in assets and liabilities: | 17,545 | 38,547 | |||||||||
| Net cash provided by operating activities | 66,771 | 145,902 | |||||||||
| Net cash used for investing activities | (4,683) | (13,677) | |||||||||
| Net cash provided by financing activities | 8,397 | 8,405 | |||||||||
| Net increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | 70,485 | 140,630 | |||||||||
| Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash - Beginning of period | 608,180 | 750,345 | |||||||||
| Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash - End of period | $678,665 | $890,975 | |||||||||
DUOLINGO Q2 / FY 2024 17
appendix
e
Reconciliation: Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Margin and GAAP Operating Expenses and Non-GAAP Operating Expenses
Adjusted EBITDA is defined as net income excluding interest income, income taxes, depreciation and amortization, stock-based compensation expenses related to equity awards, transaction costs related to acquisitions, and acquisition earn-out costs. Adjusted EBITDA margin is defined as Adjusted EBITDA as a percentage of revenues. GAAP operating expenses consist of research and development, sales and marketing, and general and administrative expenses. Non-GAAP operating expenses are defined as the respective GAAP operating expenses excluding depreciation and amortization, stock-based compensation expenses related to equity awards, and, as applicable, transaction costs related to an acquisition and acquisition earn-out costs. These non-GAAP financial measures are used by management to evaluate the financial performance of our business and we present these non-GAAP financial measures because we believe that they are helpful in highlighting trends in our operating results and that they are frequently used by analysts, investors and other interested parties to evaluate companies in our industry. The following tables present a reconciliation of our net income and GAAP operating expenses, the most directly comparable financial measure presented in accordance with GAAP, to Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin and non-GAAP operating expenses, respectively.
| Three Months Ended June 30, | ||||||||
| (in thousands) | 2023 | 2024 | ||||||
| Net income | $3,725 | $24,351 | ||||||
Add (deduct): | ||||||||
| Interest income | (7,543) | (10,721) | ||||||
| (Benefit) provision for income taxes | (1,315) | 4,363 | ||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | 1,634 | 2,243 | ||||||
| Stock-based compensation expenses related to equity awards (1) | 24,258 | 27,544 | ||||||
| Acquisition transaction costs (2) | — | 337 | ||||||
| Acquisition earn-out costs (3) | 112 | — | ||||||
| Adjusted EBITDA | $20,871 | $48,117 | ||||||
| Revenues | $126,839 | $178,327 | ||||||
| Adjusted EBITDA margin | 16.5 | % | 27.0 | % | ||||
DUOLINGO Q2 / FY 2024 19
| Reconciliation: GAAP to Non-GAAP Operating Expense | ||||||||
| Three Months Ended June 30, | ||||||||
| (in thousands) | 2023 | 2024 | ||||||
| Total GAAP Operating Expense | $97,916 | $112,278 | ||||||
| Less: Depreciation and amortization | (1,232) | (1,299) | ||||||
| Less: Stock-based compensation expenses related to equity awards (1) | (24,244) | (27,526) | ||||||
| Less: Other adjustments (2) (3) | (112) | (337) | ||||||
| Non-GAAP Operating Expense | $72,328 | $83,116 | ||||||
| Reconciliation: GAAP to Non-GAAP R&D Expense | ||||||||
| Three Months Ended June 30, | ||||||||
| (in thousands) | 2023 | 2024 | ||||||
| Total GAAP R&D Expense | $47,947 | $55,147 | ||||||
| Less: Depreciation and amortization | (409) | (500) | ||||||
| Less: Stock-based compensation expenses related to equity awards (1) | (11,319) | (14,471) | ||||||
| Non-GAAP R&D Expense | $36,219 | $40,176 | ||||||
| Reconciliation: GAAP to Non-GAAP S&M Expense | ||||||||
| Three Months Ended June 30, | ||||||||
| (in thousands) | 2023 | 2024 | ||||||
| Total GAAP S&M Expense | $17,734 | $20,174 | ||||||
| Less: Depreciation and amortization | (266) | (217) | ||||||
| Less: Stock-based compensation expenses related to equity awards (1) | (995) | (1,222) | ||||||
| Non-GAAP S&M Expense | $16,473 | $18,735 | ||||||
| Reconciliation: GAAP to Non-GAAP G&A Expense | ||||||||
| Three Months Ended June 30, | ||||||||
| (in thousands) | 2023 | 2024 | ||||||
| Total GAAP G&A Expense | $32,235 | $36,957 | ||||||
| Less: Depreciation and amortization | (557) | (582) | ||||||
| Less: Stock-based compensation expenses related to equity awards (1) | (11,930) | (11,833) | ||||||
| Less: Other adjustments (2) (3) | (112) | (337) | ||||||
| Non-GAAP G&A Expense | $19,636 | $24,205 | ||||||
DUOLINGO Q2 / FY 2024 20
Reconciliation: Free Cash Flow and Free Cash Flow Margin
Free cash flow represents net cash provided by operating activities, reduced by capitalized software development costs and purchases of property and equipment and increased by taxes paid related to stock-based compensation equity awards and transaction costs related to acquisitions as we believe they are not indicative of future liquidity. Free cash flow margin is defined as Free cash flow as a percentage of revenues. We believe that free cash flow is a measure of liquidity that provides useful information to our management, investors and others in understanding and evaluating the strength of our liquidity and future ability to generate cash that can be used for strategic opportunities or investing in our business. Free cash flow has certain limitations in that it does not represent our residual cash flow for discretionary expenditures and our non-discretionary commitments. The following table presents a reconciliation of net cash provided by operating activities, the most directly comparable financial measure calculated in accordance with GAAP, to free cash flow.
| Three Months Ended June 30, | ||||||||
| (in thousands) | 2023 | 2024 | ||||||
| Net cash provided by operating activities | $37,167 | $62,388 | ||||||
| Less: Capitalized software development costs and purchases of intangible assets | (2,544) | (3,093) | ||||||
| Less: Purchases of property and equipment | (827) | (5,563) | ||||||
| Plus: Taxes paid related to stock-based compensation equity awards | 544 | 798 | ||||||
| Plus: Acquisition transaction costs (2) | — | 337 | ||||||
| Free cash flow | $34,340 | $54,867 | ||||||
| Revenues | $126,839 | $178,327 | ||||||
| Free cash flow margin | 27.1 | % | 30.8 | % | ||||
(1) In addition to stock-based compensation expense of $26.7 million and $23.7 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, this includes costs incurred related to taxes paid on equity transactions.
(2) Represents costs incurred related to acquisitions, including integration costs.
(3) Represents costs incurred related to the earn-out payment on an acquisition.
DUOLINGO Q2 / FY 2024 21
Contacts
Investor Relations:
Deborah Belevan, VP of Investor Relations
ir@duolingo.com
Press:
Sam Dalsimer, Global Head of Communications
press@duolingo.com
DUOLINGO Q2 / FY 2024 22
